Climate change adaptation in smallholder agriculture: adoption, barriers, determinants, and policy implications

Abstract Adaptation to climate change is imperative for the resilience of smallholder agriculture in many developing countries. While studies have focused on climatic impacts crops and adaptation decisions, barriers uptake measures by farmers remain largely unexplored. We empirically quantified adoption measures, as well their determinants Far Western Province, Nepal, based a survey 327 farmers. established relationships between three different agroecosystems: Mountain, Hill, Terai. then used multiple regression identify broader study area, across agroecosystems. found that such crop adjustment, farm management, fertiliser management were practised all regions. Techno-informational, economic, environmental strongly inversely correlated with measures. Adoption, barriers, varied The findings indicate agricultural development policies must consider tailored specific agroecosystems order most effectively alleviate promote resilience.